ORNAMENTAL 
STREET-LIGHTING 


A  MUNICIPAL  INVESTMENT 
AND  ITS  RETURN 


NEW   YORK,    NINETEEN    HUNDRED    AND   TWELVE 
TWENTY-NINE    WEST    THIRTY-NINTH    STREET 

NATIONAL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  ASSOCIATION 

COMMERCIAL   SECTION 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


DESIGNED  AND  WRITTEN  BY 

WALDEMAR  KAEMPFFERT 

from  information  compiled  by  the  following 
Committee  on  Electric  Advertising  and  Orna- 
mental street-lighting  of  the  Commercial  Sec- 
tion of  the  National  Electric  Light  Association: 

WILLIAM  H.  HODGE,  Chairman,  Publicity  Man- 
ager of  H.  M.  Byllesby  &  Company, 
Chicago,  111. 

C.  W.  BENDER,  Secretary,  Commercial  Engineer 
of  the  National  Electric  Lamp  Association, 
Cleveland,  O. 

A.  LARNEY,  Manager  of  the  New  Business  De- 

partment,   Consumers'    Power    Company, 
St.  Paul,  Minn. 

C.  L.  ESHLEMAN,  Publicity  Manager  of  the 
Adams-Bagnall  Company,  Cleveland,  O. 

B.  W.  MENDENHALL,  Commercial  Agent  of  the 

Utah  Railway  &  Light  Company,  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah. 

T.  G.  WHALING,  Assistant  Manager  of  the  West- 
inghouse  Lamp  Company,  Bloomfield,  N.  J. 

HENRY  SCHROEDER,  Assistant  to  Manager  of 
the  Lamp  Sales  Department,  General  Elec- 
tric Company,  Harrison,  N.  J. 

PHILIP  S.  DODD  (ex-officio),  Director  of  Publi- 
city of  the  National  Electric  Lamp  As- 
sociation, Cleveland,  O. 

EUGENE  CREED  (ex-officio),  Sales  Manager  of 
the  Morris  Iron  Company,  Frederick,  Md. 

H.  I.  MARKHAM  (ex-officio),  General  Manager 
of  the  Federal  Sign  System  (Electric), 
Chicago,  111. 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


CONTENTS 


Page 

THE  BUSINESS  SIDE  OF  STREET-LIGHTING    ....         5 
The  money  value  of  a  "Great  White  Way." 

MUNICIPAL  LIGHTING — RIGHT  AND  WRONG    ...         9 
Light  is  made  to  see  by,  not  to  look  at. 

How  BUSINESS  SECTIONS  SHOULD  BE  LIGHTED  .    .       11 
Lamp-posts  must  be  beautiful  by  day  as  well 
as  by  night. 

How  RESIDENTIAL  SECTIONS  SHOULD  BE  LIGHTED       13 
The  amount  of  money  available  is  the  govern- 
ing consideration. 

How    ELECTRIC    SIGNS    AND    WINDOW-LIGHTING 

AFFECT  THE  STREET 15 

Sign-lighting  advertises  a  thing  far  and  wide; 
window-lighting  attracts  the  passer-by ;  street- 
lighting  arouses  the  talk  of  a  whole  country. 

SYSTEMS  OF  ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING     .    .       19 
The  wonderfully  efficient  and  serviceable  new   . 
lamps. 

WHAT  IT  COSTS  TO  LIGHT  A  STREET 21 

Dollars  and  cents. 

POSTS  FOR  ORNAMENTAL  MUNICIPAL  LIGHTING. 
STANDARDS — OLD  AND  NEW 25 

GLOBES  AND  REFLECTORS 29 

ACCESSORY  APPARATUS 31 

The  kind  of  distribution  aft'ects  the  cost  of 
the  installation. 

CITIES  THAT  HAVE  ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING, 
DECORATIVE  ARCH-LIGHTING  AND  DECORATIVE 
ARC  INSTALLATIONS 39-45 

They   have   found   that   good   street- lighting 

pays. 

MANUFACTURERS  OF  ORNAMENTAL  POSTS,  REGU- 
LATORS AND  COMPENSATIVE  APPARATUS,  GLASS- 
WARE, STEEL  REFLECTORS  AND  INCANDESCENT 
ELECTRIC  LAMPS 46-48 

Write  to  any  of  them  for  information;  it  costs 

nothing. 


270346 


In  Michigan  Boulevard,  Chicago  has  probably  the  most 
beautiful  stretch  of  "white  way"  lighting  in  the  world 


The  Business  Side  of  Street-lighting 

ONSIDER    the    case    of  The  case  of 

Minnesota 

Minnesota   Street,    be-  street. 

gloom  and 

tween  4th  and  7th  Streets  stagnation  to 

light  and 

in  St.  Paul.     In  1910  it  acti 
was  a  gloomy  thoroughfare,  flanked 
by  dreary  buildings,   most  of  them 
dilapidated.    In  1912  it  is  a  prosperous  street  in  which 
new  buildings  are  taking  the  place  of  the  old. 

Good  street-lighting  and  nothing  else  did  that. 

A  hundred  towns  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 
can  point  to  dead  Minnesota  streets  that  have  been 
electrified  by  light  into  life.  Their  myriad  lamps 
mean  civic  pride,  prosperity,  cleanliness,  health,  safety, 
enterprise — everything  that  a  business  man  expects 
of  the  town  in  which  he  lives. 

Good  street-lighting  pays  in  dollars  and  cents — 
pays  tremendously  in  attracting  business,  pays  in 
greater  real  estate  values,  pays  in  animating  avenues 
that  would  die  after  sunset.  It  is  light  that  has  made 
Broadway,  in  New  York,  the  most  talked-of  street  in 

"  Undoubtedly  this  method  of  lighting  has  been  one 
of  the  influences  contributing  to  an  increase  of 
population.     It  has  given  the  city  wide  adver- 
tising and  been  an  attractive  force." 
W.  G.  N  YE 

Secretary  Dept.  of  Public  Affairs 
Commercial  Club 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


At  Charlottenburg,  Germany,  may  be 
seen  a  remarkably  successful  effort  to 
harmonize  the  street-lighting  installation 
with  monumental  structures.  Note  how 
admirably  the  monumental  lighting  pil- 
lars accord  with  the  triumphal  portal  in 
the  background.  This  is  ornamental 
street-lighting  carried  to  a  wonderful 
pitch  of  perfection,  a  model  for  larger 
American  cities  to  follow. 


M: 


GOOD  STREET-LIGHTING  MEANS  GOOD  BUSINESS 


North  and  South  America  and  the  most  prosperous 
avenue  in  the  world;  light  that  causes  newspapers  to 
advertise  it  gratuitously  as  the  "Great  White  Way." 

So  markedly  does  light  influence  busi-  Good  street- 
ness  that  property  on  one  side  of  a  street 
is  often  worth  more  than  on  the  other, 
simply  because  of  the  difference  in  lighting.  estat|hvaiies! 
Several  Cleveland  business  men,  whose  stores  are  on 
the  north  side  of  Euclid  Avenue,  between  East  55th 
and  East  66th  Streets,  installed  a  block  of  ornamental 
street  fixtures.  A  few  years  ago  the  north  side  of 
the  street  had  a  practical  monopoly  of  the  business. 
Five  walked  on  that  side  to  one  on  the  other.  People 
crossed  the  street  in  order  to  walk  on  the  north  side. 
Why?  Because  that  side  was  brightly  illuminated, 
and  the  other  was  not.  All  that  is  changed  now, 
simply  because  both  sides  are  equally  well  lighted. 
Property  along  Euclid  Avenue  is  worth  just  as  much 
on  one  side  as  on  the  other,  where  the  new  system 
has  been  installed. 

A  man  is  judged  by  the  clothes  he  wears,  the  house 
he  lives  in,  the  business  in  which  he  is  engaged.  He 
creates  the  impression  that  he  makes;  therefore  the 
impression  is  an  index  of  his  character. 

So,  too,  a  city  is  judged  by  impressions.  It  may 
have  the  finest  climate  in  the  world;  it  may  be  for- 
tunately situated  near  rivers  and  railways;  it  may 
have  every  natural  advantage  that  a  business  man 
may  desire.  Yet,  if  it  be  unattractive,  dirty  and 
gloomy,  its  development  will  be  slow.  When  it  does 
develop,  the  first  impetus  will  be  given  by  changing 
its  appearance  for  the  better;  and  in  that  change 
street-lighting  will  play  an  important  part. 

"The  effect  of  this  has  been  the  very  great  increase 
in  the  use  of  the  street  at  night.     The  increase  i/i 
realty  values  along  the  street  has  been  nothing 
less  than  admirable." 

FRED  A.  OLDS 

Secretary,  Chamber  <>f  Commerce 

Raleigh,   X.  C. 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


Despite  the  amount  of  light  already  pro- 
vided by  other  sources  in  Oklahoma 
City,  this  municipality  of  seventy 
thousand  people  proceeded  to  install 
ornamental  street-lighting  systems  to 
which  large  extensions  are  being  planned. 
The  photograph  was  taken  in  1909  before 
the  ornamental  street-lighting  was  put 
in.  It  is  a  view  of  Broadway  from  a  high 
building.  Who  can  doubt  that  crowds 
flock  to  this  blaze  of  light  like  moths? 


AVOID  GLARE  AND  FLICKERING 


There  is   a  right   and   wrong   way  of  Light  is  made 

,.    i  ..  ..          %,  .  to  see  by,  not 

lighting   a   city.      Experience   has   shown  to  look  at. 
that.     Good  taste  and  the  limitations  of  the  eye  are 
now  considered  where  once  they  were  ignored. 

Lighting— Right  and  Wrong 

Take  the  mere  matter  of  "glare,"  for  example. 
Glare  is  the  result  of  looking  at  a  light  instead  of 
seeing  by  it.  Better  than  any  man,  the  motorist 
knows  what  glare  is.  When  he  drives  from  a  dark 
spot  toward  an  intense  light,  he  finds  that  he  cannot 
see  beyond  the  light;  accordingly  he  sits  back  and 
trusts  to  luck  that  there  is  no  person  or  obstruction 
beyond.  The  illuminating  engineer — the  man  who 
specifies  the  kind  of  lights  you  ought  to  use  and  where 
they  are  to  be  placed — now  knows  that  glare  is  pro- 
duced by  hanging  an  excessively  bright  light  so  low 
that  the  rays  enter  the  eye  nearly  horizontally,  with 
the  result  that  every  image  on  the  retina  is  drowned. 
Therefore  he  avoids  it  so  far  as  he  can. 

So,  too,  a  flickering  light  is  bad.  It  compels  the 
eye  to  adjust  itself  continually  to  ever-changing 
intensities.  The  incandescent  lamp  was  never  open 
to  that  objection.  In  recent  years  the  arc-lamp  has 
been  so  vastly  improved  that  it  no  longer  flickers 
annoyingly. 

The  placing  of  lights  in  the  right  way  uiSmSStt&n* 
to  obtain  the  most  uniform  illumination  not  hish  can- 

die-power     in 

oners  problems  of  its  own.     Twenty-five  ?Pot8»  is  the 

.   .  *  ideal  to  be  at- 

years  ago  cities  began  to  use  the  arc-lamp  tamed, 
extensively.     But  the  lamps,  besides  flickering,  con- 
sumed much  current.    Hence  they  could  be  used  only 
sparingly  at  wide  distances  apart.     Because  of  their 

"7  consider  the   general  advertising   value  to  the 
community  at  large  has  been  very  good.     It  has 
had  the  effect  of  adding  both  to  the  artistic  beauty 
and  cleanliness  of  my  city." 

J.  G.    HENDERSON 
Commissioner  of  Industries 
Hamilton,  Ontario 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


The  ornamental  street-lighting  system 
of  Puebla,  Mexico.  The  standards  used 
have  commended  themselves  to  many 
municipalities.  The  selection  of  a 
standard  is  not  easy.  What  will  it  cost? 
Is  it  really  practical  in  form?  Is  it  well- 
designed?  These  three  questions  must 
always  be  answered  by  those  who  are 
commissioned  to  select  electric-light 
standards.  This  type  happens  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  many  communities. 


10 


A>      <AtS. 


GETTING  THE  BEST  RESULTS 


high  candle-power  there  were  intensely  bright  spots 
immediately  around  the  lamps  and  great  dark  spaces 
in  between.  If  one  of  a  string  of  lights  failed  the  con- 
ditions were  still  worse.  Moreover,  the  lamps  had 
to  be  hung  high  above  the  ground,  so  that  shade-trees 
in  residential  districts  cut  off  part  of  their  light. 

These  difficulties  are  nowadays  avoided  by  lamp- 
posts properly  arranged.  The  posts  may  be  planted 
either  in  a  straight  line  on  one  side  of  the  street  or  in 
the  middle;  or  they  may  be  staggered,  in  other  words 
so  placed  that  a  post  on  one  side  lies  midway  between 
two  posts  on  the  opposite  side.  The  straight  line 
method  is  the  cheaper;  but  the  staggered  arrangement 
distributes  the  light  more  evenly. 

Every  city  has  its  business  section,  its  residence 
district,  and  its  public  parks  and  drives.  For  each  a 
different  system  of  lighting  is  usually  required. 

The  merchant  in  the  business  section  wants  much 
light  to  attract  people  to  his  street.  The  house-owner 
in  the  residential  district  is  not  concerned  so  much 
with  the  attainment  of  exceedingly  bright  illumination 
as  with  the  proper  distribution  of  the  lights  allotted 
to  his  section;  in  other  words  he  must  illuminate  the 
greatest  possible  area  with  a  given  amount  of  money. 
In  public  parks  and  drives  ornamental  fixtures  are 
required  that  give  comparatively  high  illumination, 
so  that  the  roads  and  paths  can  be  seen.  Everywhere 
the  police  value  of  lighting  must  be  considered. 

How  Business  Sections  Should  be  Lighted 

The  lighting  of  a  business  section  must  Business  con- 
be  governed  by  business  considerations.  It  gov^m10 light- 
must  be  brilliant,  so  that  people  will  be  sections"81 

"  Well-lighted  streets  naturally  lead  to  the  necessity 
for  cleaner  streets,   better  store-fronts   and  other 
progressive     tendencies.        Realty     values     are 
enhanced    by   this    more    modern    system    of 
street  illumination.1' 

W.  O.    HODGDON 

Industrial  Agent 

Industrial  and  Publicity  Committee 

Joliet,  III. 


i/»^^J  I. 


11 


CiST 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


Race  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  The 
standards  are  unusually  graceful  and  the 
harmony  of  proportions  lastingly  attrac- 
tive. The  installation  consists  of  sixteen 
five-light  standards  spaced  parallel,  ap- 
proximately fifty  feet  apart.  They  are 
equipped  with  tungsten  lamps  aggregating 
one  hundred  and  sixty  candle-power. 
The  artistic  effect  is  most  pleasing.  In 
the  base  of  each  post  is  a  cut-out  and 
switch.  The  lamps  burn  from  dusk  until 
midnight.  In  this  installation,  the  uni- 
formity of  illumination  is  almost  perfect. 
See  page  fourteen  for  the  effect  at  night. 


: :      .!£>; 


12 


n 


WHAT  A  LITTLE  MONEY  CAN  DO 


attracted  to  the  business  streets;  yet  it  must  be  uni- 
form to  give  the  best  results.  The  equipment  must  be 
decorative  by  day,  so  as  not  to  mar  a  fine  street. 

Some  business  men  maintain  that  the  front  of  a 
building  should  be  illuminated  as  well  as  the  street. 
That  is  true,  but  ordinarily  only  within  limits.  The 
proper  and  adequate  lighting  of  the  street  should  not 
suffer.  Good  effects  can  be  obtained  by  employing 
pendent  lamps,  that  throw  most  of  their  light  down- 
ward and  outward,  and  enough  upward  to  illuminate 
the  front  of  a  building,  particularly  if  an  upright  lamp 
be  employed  in  combination  with  the  pendents. 

How  Residential  Sections  Should 
Be  Lighted 

The  amount  of  money  available  for  a    The    amount 

.  of    money 

residence  section  usually  determines  the   available  gov- 
*  ^.  erns  tne  char- 

character  of  the  illumination.    One  of  two    ; 

methods  may  be  followed:  Either  a  few  tion's lighting, 
arc-lamps  of  great  candle-power  are  placed  at  consid- 
erable distances  apart;  or  many  incandescent  lamps 
are  strung  along  the  roadway  fairly  near  one  another. 
The  problems  that  confront  the  illuminating 
engineer  in  lighting  a  residential  quarter  are  various. 
Usually  there  are  trees.  Accordingly,  the  lights  must 
be  so  hung  that  the  foliage  will  not  interfere  with  the 
proper  illumination  of  the  street.  The  choice  of  lights, 
too,  may  be  difficult  because  the  funds  with  which 
the  engineer  can  work  are  usually  limited.  Again,  the 
character  of  the  lamp-posts  must  depend  upon  the 
amount  of  money  available.  Still,  it  is  astonishing 
what  remarkably  artistic  results  can  be  achieved  even 
with  small  funds. 

"The   lights  prompt   us  all  to  brush  up  and  keep 
our    premises    cleaner.      The    tendency     of    the 
installation  is  to  improve  real  estate  values,  for 
it  attracts  people  and  thereby  increases  sales." 
E.  E.  EGAN 
Secretary  and  Treasurer 
Commercial  Exchange 
Burlington,  Iowa 


m 


13 


\\ ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING ^ 


Night  view  of  Place  Street,  Cincinnati. 
The  standards  are  surmounted  with  spe- 
cial shades  fitted  with  glass  reflectors  and 
are  spaced  approximately  fifty  feet.  This 
particular  design  will  appeal  to  many;  for 
it  is  highly  efficient  in  illuminating  the 
street  surface.  The  wiring  of  the  stand- 
ards consists  of  duplex  lead-covered  wire, 
connected  with  Edison  tube-feeders  by 
lead-covered  cable  in  pipes. 


m. 


LIGHTING  THE  PUBLIC  PARK  OR  DRIVE 


A  park  is  a  municipal  ornament.  Weil-designed 
Therefore  its  lighting  must  not  only  be  arranged,  are 

.  *  needed  in 

adequate  but  decorative.    A  row  of  ugly  parks, 
lamp-posts  is  no  more  appropriate  in  a  park  than  a  red 
four-in-hand  tie  in  a  ballroom. 

To  illuminate  a  park  or  drive  adequately,  so  that 
automobiles  and  carriages  can  see  their  way,  so  that 
paths  and  walks  may  be  safe,  and  so  that  the  best 
decorative  effect  is  obtained  is  no  easy  task.  What  is 
more,  the  task  is  not  completed  with  the  selection 
of  a  suitable  post  and  globe. 

The  lights  must  be  placed  with  the  good  judgment 
of  a  skillful  landscape  gardener.  The  topography  of 
the  park  must  be  considered.  If  the  boulevards  and 
drives  are  curved,  the  lights  must  be  placed  to  empha- 
size the  curve.  Not  only  is  the  effect  good,  but  the 
automobile  driver  knows  which  way  he  must  steer  in 
order  to  keep  to  the  road.  Glare,  of  course,  must  be 
avoided  to  make  the  road  safe  at  night,  which  means 
that  a  few  high  candle-powers  placed  far  apart  and  low 
would  be  dangerously  inappropriate. 

How  Electric  Signs  and  Window- lighting 
Affect  the  Street 

The  blaze  of  light  that  marks  the  course  of  every 
enterprising  city's  main  thoroughfare  comes  not  only 
from  the  lamps  in  the  street,  but  also  from  brilliant 
window  displays  and  from  signs.  Sometimes,  as  in 
New  York,  the  street-lights  are  all  but  blotted  out. 
Why,  then,  waste  time,  money,  and  thought  on  orna- 
mental posts? 

"It  has  been  our  experience   that    our   lighting 
system    has    called    for     considerable    favorable 
comment   throughout   the     United   States,    and 
we  consider  it  a  very  valuable  asset  from  an 
advertising  point  of  view,  and  it  has  certainly 
added  greatly  to  the  general  appearance 
of  the  city." 

FRANK  M.  MOORE 
Secretary  Local  Division 
St.  Paul  Association  of  Commerce 
St.  Paul,  Minn. 


BK:::: 


15 


n 

BW    JA 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


Boulevard  lighting  according  to  the 
Washington  plan.  This  is  possibly  as 
good  an  example  of  handsome,  safe  and 
efficient  boulevard  illumination  as  can  be 
found.  In  wide  drives  the  strip  of  park- 
ing is  by  no  means  essential.  To  illumin- 
ate a  park  or  drive  effectively,  so  that 
automobiles  and  carriages  can  see  their 
way,  so  that  paths  and  walks  may  be 
safe,  and  so  that  the  best  decorative 
effect  is  obtained,  is  the  problem  to  be 
solved  in  all  ornamental  park-lighting. 


16 


STREET-LIGHTING  MUST  PRECEDE  DISPLAY-LIGHTING 


In  the  first  place  street-lighting  is  necessary  to 
attract  business.  Without  it  no  "Great  White  Way" 
can  be  created.  When  stores  have  been  opened  or 
improved  because  business  men  have  been  drawn  to 
the  highly  illuminated  street  they  are  naturally  tempted 
to  outdo  one  another  in  devising  ways  of  attracting 
attention  to  their  goods.  But  at  the  beginning  of  the 
street's  development  stands  the  ornamental  street-light. 
Window  display-lighting  and  the  electric  window-iight- 

,  .    n  ,  .   .  .         ing  attracts 

sign  are  essentially  advertising  agencies,  the  passer-by; 
Sign-lighting  attracts  attention  to  the  store;  S^Sf  Ul 
window-lighting  to  the  goods  displayed.       country. 

Properly  placed,  electric  signs  draw  people  to  a 
street,  particularly  if  they  tower  high  above  some  roof 
and  are  seen  from  a  distance.  But  the  roof  signs  will 
neither  illuminate  the  street  nor  induce  people  to  pass 
directly  by  the  particular  stores  over  which  they  are 
mounted.  On  the  other  hand,  if  they  are  placed  low 
enough  to  illuminate  the  street  they  cannot  be  seen 
from  a  distance.  Hence  they  lose  in  advertising  value. 
All  of  which  shows  that  electric  sign-lighting  cannot 
take  the  place  of  street-lighting.  Each  serves  its  own 
purpose. 

Window   display-lighting    will    attract  Neither    sign 

i      .«    ,!  i  ..          T.    ,  nor     window- 

people  if  they  are  close  to  it.      It  has  no  lighting    can 


distant    influence.       It    is    intended     to 

arrest  the  passer-by  and  to  induce  him  to  lighting. 

look  at  the  wares  displayed. 

Post-lighting  attracts  people  to  a  street;  electric 
signs  emphasize  certain  stores  or  buildings;  window- 
lighting  leads  to  the  inspection  of  goods  in  a  window. 
Each  method  helps  the  other.  But  the  basis  of  all  is 
post-lighting. 

"  There  can  be  no  question  that  these  lights  advertise 
a    community     most    favorably.       They     attract 
attention  on  the  part  of  the  train  patrons  pass- 
ing through  the  city  at  night.     They  attract 
from  the  smaller  surrounding  towns  con- 
nected  with  Joliet   by  trolley." 

W.O.  HODGDON 

Industrial  Agent 

Industrial  and  Publicity  Committee 

Joliet,  III. 


1  O^^^J  9 


17 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


Arc-lamp  posts  in  Toledo,  Ohio.  There 
are  many  varieties  of  beautiful  arc-lamp 
standards  to  be  found  throughout  the 
United  States.  Some  companies  and 
cities  have  spent  large  amounts  perfect- 
ing posts  of  this  kind.  They  are  familiar 
to  all  who  visit  the  large  population 
centers.  The  style,  spacing,  and  height 
of  posts  vary  with  the  service  expected 
and  the  equipment  desired.  Ranging  as 
it  does  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet,  the 
size  and  number  of  lamps  used  per  post 
and  the  degree  of  illumination  desired 
govern  the  spacing. 


MODERN  IDEAS  IN  STREET-LIGHTING 


Electric  signs  vary  in  size  with  their  position.  When 
low  they  are  small;  when  high  they  are  large.  A  sign 
may  be  simply  a  small  rectangle  just  above  the  door; 
or  it  may  be  an  immense  and  wonderful  structure  on 
the  top  of  a  skyscraper.  Between  these  two  extremes 
is  an  endless  variety  of  illuminated  signs.  Big  or  little, 
signs  cannot  be  relied  upon  for  uniform  lighting  of 
the  street. 

Window-lighting  illuminates  the  street,  but  only 
that  part  of  the  street  in  front  of  the  window.  Although 
it  may  be  brighter  than  the  street-lighting  it  will  not 
illuminate  the  thoroughfare  as  a  whole. 

Systems  of  Ornamental  Street-lighting 

Ten  years  ago  it  was  the  fashion  to  string  electric- 
light  wires  overhead.  Consequently  there  was  nothing 
for  it  but  to  hang  arc-lamps  along  the  center  of  the 
street. 

Ornamental  street-lighting  in  the  modern  sense  was 
introduced  with  the  underground  conduit.  A  post  in 
the  shape  of  a  shepherd's  crook  proved  to  be  an  effective 
means  of  holding  the  lamp;  and  the  curb  came  into 
its  own. 

When  the  incandescent  lamp  was  first  why  posts  are 

.  better  than 

introduced  for  street-lighting  someone  festoons, 
started  the  fashion  of  hanging  festoons  of  incandescent 
lamps  across  streets.  The  festoon  system  is  good  as  a 
method  of  illumination  at  night;  but  in  broad  daylight 
it  is  an  eyesore.  At  first  the  festoons  were  mere  ropes 
of  lights.  Later,  safer  and  more  substantial  steel 
arches  took  their  place.  But  whether  ropes  or  arches 
are  employed  it  is  difficult  to  clean  and  renew  the  bulbs. 

"  Where  the  installation  is  already  in,  merchants 
tell  me  the  loafers  and  undesirable  citizens  have 
been  driven  away.     The  light  is  not  sought  by 
this   class  of  people.      Approval  of  the  use 
of  the  system  is  universal  in  Burlington." 
E.  E.  EG  AN 
Secretary  and  Treasurer 
Commercial  Exchange 
Burlington,  Iowa 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


ISaJi 


Seven  and  one-half  miles  of  Washington's 
streets  are  now  embellished  with  single- 
light  standards,  set  along  the  curb,  bear- 
ing high  efficiency  tungsten  lamps.  The 
view  shown  is  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  the 
White  House  grounds  lying  to  the  right. 
In  public  parks  and  drives  ornamental 
fixtures  are  required  that  give  compara- 
tively high  illumination,  so  that  the 
roads  and  paths  may  be  seen.  Every- 
where the  police  value  of  lighting  must 
be  considered. 


A  DOLLAR-AND-CENTS  TALK 


Next  came  the  truly  decorative  system  of  street- 
lighting  with  posts  that  are  efficient,  ornamental  and 
lasting  and  that  are  equipped  with  "Mazda"  or  tung- 
sten lamps  or  with  the  new  arc-lamps.  More  than  two 
hundred  and  fifty  American  cities  have  installed  sys- 
tems of  ornamental  post-lighting,  the  fixtures  being  of 
various  types  and  designs. 

What  it  Costs  to  Light  a  Street 

Like  everything  else  in  the  world  the  cost  Factors    that 

*!•!*.•  •  '^i     i          •.      i  i   i    .•    enter  into  the 

of  lighting  varies  with  longitude  and  lati-  cost  of  an  in- 
tude.  The  price  of  labor,  the  material st 
employed,  the  way  the  current  is  distributed  to  the 
lamps — all  these  factors  must  be  considered,  besides 
many  others  in  determining  costs.  One  city  will 
approve  expensive  standards  and  bury  the  distributing 
lines  in  clay  or  fibre  conduits,  embedded  in  concrete. 
That  method  is  not  cheap.  Another  city  will  adopt  a 
lower-priced  standard  and  use  iron  piping  without 
concrete.  Then,  too,  the  price  of  material  varies  in 
different  cities  with  the  cost  of  transportation.  Lastly, 
the  city's  contracting  power  also  affects  the  cost. 

The  local  electric  lighting  companies  and  all  lamp 
manufacturers  as  well  as  makers  of  reflectors,  globes 
and  posts,  are  willing  to  give  sound  technical  advice 
free  on  the  character  of  an  installation  needed.  The 
city  engineer  need  not,  therefore,  engage  expert  counsel 
and  thus  add  to  the  cost,  unless,  indeed,  there  is  some 
special  reason  for  engaging  an  outside  illuminating 
engineer. 

The  character  of  the  distribution  affects  the 
amount  of  the  expenditure.  There  are  two  ways  of 

"I  am  sure  that  the  White  Way  lights  have  made 
the  city  more  attractive  and  drawn  business  to 
those  streets  thus  lighted.     This   is  shown   by 
the  fact  that  the  property  owners  and  merchants 
of  other  streets  are  trying  to  get  the  lights 
established  there." 

W.  G.  COOPER 

Secretary  Chamber  of  Commerce 

Atlanta,  Ga. 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING  '  . 


Faribault,  Minnesota,  is  an  example  of 
what  a  town  of  nine  thousand  can  do  by 
co-operative  effort.  It  has  one  hundred 
and  six  ornamental  standards  in  the  busi- 
ness district  bearing  three  high-efficiency 
incandescent  lamps,  each  as  shown  in  the 
photograph.  The  city  contracted  for  the 
service  for  ten  years  and  the  electric  light 
company  bore  the  initial  expense.  The 
posts  are  grouped,  about  twelve  being 
controlled  from  one  switch  in  the  base 
of  a  post.  A  galvanized  one-inch  pipe 
serves  as  the  conduit.  A  patrol  turns 
the  lights  on  and  off.  The  color  of  the 
posts  is  olive  green. 


ESTIMATES  BASED  ON  FIVE -LIGHT  STANDARDS 


supplying  current  to  lamps — the  "multiple"  and 
"series"  methods.  Usually  the  multiple  system  is  the 
cheaper,  but  not  always. 

The  price  charged  for  current  is  not  the  Why   current 
,./.  ...        .11  ^i     C08ts  are  not 

same  in  different  cities,  simply  because  the  always   the 

conditions  under  which  current  is  generated  s; 
are  hardly  ever  the  same.  The  cost  of  fuel,  the  size 
and  character  of  the  electrical  market  supplied,  the 
way  in  which  the  current  is  supplied  (overhead  or 
underground),  depreciation  of  plant  (it  varies  with  the 
climate),  the  load-factor  (the  ratio  of  average  load 
during  any  certain  period  to  the  total  power  the  station 
could  have  generated  during  that  time),  the  magnitude 
of  the  investment — all  these  must  be  considered  in 
comparing  the  cost  of  current  of  two  communities. 

Obviously  it  is  utterly  impossible  to  set  down  cost 
figures  that  will  apply  to  every  community.  Costs, 
however,  can  always  be  discussed  on  the  basis  of 
average  figures.  Here  they  are,  based  on  installations 
of  five-light  standards  only  and  determined  from  data 
secured  from  fifty  odd  installations  of  ornamental  posts 
equipped  with  incandescent  lamps  in  cities  in  all  parts 
of  the  United  States: 

Average  installation  cost  per  post $100.77 

Average  cost  of  operation   and   main- 
tenance per  post  per  year 59.90 

Average  spacing  of  standards .  .  70  ft.  and  9  inches 
This  average  installation  cost  includes  such  items 
as  standards,  lamps,  sockets,  globes,  concrete  bases, 
switches,  lead  cables,  conduits,  post-wiring  and  instal- 
lation labor.  The  average  cost  of  operation  and  main- 
tenance per  post  per  year  here  given  is  the  average 

"So  far  as  adding  to  the  realty  values,  there  is  no 
doubt  in  my  mind  but  lighting  has  been  a  great 
factor  in  enhancing  them,  and  it  has  certainly 
increased    the    business    of    the     merchants 
along  the  illuminated  streets." 

FRANK  M.  MOORE 
Secretary,  Local  Division 
Saint  Paul  Association  of  Commerce 
St.  Paul,  Minn. 


23 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


An  example  of  effective  park-lighting  at 
Newark,  Ohio.  Note  how  well  the  walks 
and  ground  are  illuminated,  shadows 
being  negligible.  The  placing  of  lights 
in  the  right  way  to  obtain  the  most  uni- 
form illumination  offers  problems  of  its 
own.  There  is  a  right  and  wrong  way 
of  lighting  a  city.  Experience  has  shown 
that.  Good  taste  and  the  limitations  of 
the  eye  are  now  considered  where  once 
they  were  ignored. 


24 


39 


THE  PRINCIPLE  OF  THE  FULL  MOON 


revenue  received  by  central  stations.  Therefore  it  is 
not  applicable  to  any  certain  city.  Maintenance 
includes  lamp  renewals,  globe  renewals,  cleaning  and 
the  painting  of  the  posts  once  each  year. 

Posts  for  Ornamental  Municipal  Lighting 

An  object  is  seen  at  night  because  it  is  The  silhouette 
a  source  of  light  in  itself;  because  the  light  ^""utfiized."81 
falls  directly  upon  it;  or  because  it  is  silhouetted 
against  a  light  or  a  lighted  background.  It  is  the 
silhouette  principle  that  must  be  utilized  in  most 
street-lighting.  The  lighted  background  against  which 
objects  are  silhouetted  is  usually  the  street  surface. 
Consequently,  the  amount  of  light  that  falls  on  that 
street  surface  must  be  carefully  considered.  It  is  by 
no  means  necessary  that  the  intensity  of  illumination 
be  great.  Rather  should  it  be  uniform.  The  full  moon 
casts  no  very  bright  light;  yet  it  illuminates  the  earth 
so  uniformly  that  the  impression  of  soft  brightness  is 
produced.  The  full  moon,  not  the  blazing  sun,  is  to 
be  emulated  in  street-lighting. 

To  meet  these  requirements  a  number  of  manufac- 
turers, whose  names  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  this 
book,  have  designed  street-lighting  apparatus  which  is 
both  efficient  and  artistic.  The  following  illustrated 
descriptions  will  serve  as  a  guide  to  those  types  which 
have  commended  themselves  to  many  municipalities. 

Standards— Old  and  New 

The  old  conventional  lamp-post,  so  long  used  with 
gas,  still  finds  a  limited  place  in  present-day  systems 
of  ornamental  lighting.  Old  gas-lamp  posts  have  been 
reconstructed  for  incandescent  lamps  by  providing 
them  with  suitable  reflectors. 

"The  store-keepers  take  pride  in  their  decorations 
and  endeavor  has  been  made  under  the  glare  of 
light  toward   keeping   the   streets    as   clean   as 
possible." 

J.  G.   HENDERSON 
Commissioner  of  Industries 
Hamilton,  Ontario 


25 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


A  novelty  in  ornamental  street-lighting 
is  found  in  Bloomington,  Indiana,  where 
the  one  hundred  and  twenty  standards 
were  hewn  from  limestone,  extensively 
quarried  in  the  vicinity.  Concrete  lamp 
posts  are  durable  and  familiar,  but  natural 
stone  standards  are  out  of  the  ordinary. 
This  system  is  an  advertisement  in 
more  ways  than  one.  It  shows,  among 
other  things,  that  almost  any  material, 
handled  with  good  taste,  can  be  used  to 
fashion  a  lamp-post.  Standards  are 
made  nowadays  to  meet  any  appropria- 
tion, big  or  little. 


26 


CHOOSING  THE  RIGHT  POST 


For  new  installations,   no   one  would  Almost    any 

,  »  .,  .  ,,  ,  ,       durable     ma- 

dream  ol  using  anything  that  resembles  teriai,  handled 


a  gas-lamp  post.  More  decorative  designs 
of  many  styles  and  materials  can  easily  be  a  2ood  P°st- 
obtained.  Cast  iron  has  found  a  keen  competitor  in 
pressed  steel,  copper  and  bronze  and  concrete.  Con- 
crete has  been  extensively  utilized  for  parks  and 
boulevards.  Latterly  it  has  been  introduced  with 
excellent  results  in  business  sections  as  well.  Even 
wrought-iron  pipe  has  been  employed  to  produce 
inexpensive  but  neat  designs. 

The  choosing  of  a  proper  standard  is  Posts  arc  made 
not  easy.  What  does  it  cost?    Is  it  really  tLe*  and  any 


practical  in  form?  Is  it  well  designed?  appropriation. 
These  three  questions  must  always  be  answered  by 
those  who  are  commissioned  to  select  electric  light 
standards;  and  they  must  be  answered  differently  for 
almost  every  community.  Because  of  the  different 
considerations  that  govern  the  adoption  of  an  orna- 
mental street-lighting  system,  manufacturers  have 
placed  on  the  market  post  designs  to  suit  any  taste 
and  any  appropriation. 

The  style,  spacing  and  height  of  posts  vary  with  the 
service  expected  and  the  equipment  desired.  In 
smaller  cities  three-light  and  five-light  standards  are 
most  common  —  the  five-light  standards  at  street 
intersections  and  the  three-light  between  streets.  In 
larger  cities  the  five-light  post  is  found  almost 
exclusively. 

The  spacing  of  posts  varies.  Ranging  as  it  does 
from  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet,  the  size  and  number  of 
lamps  used  per  post  and  the  degree  of  illumination 
desired  govern  the  spacing.  The  wider  the  street, 

"Of  course,  anything  that  makes  a  street  attractive 
and  draws  people  to  it   will  increase  the   value 
of  property,  which  is  regulated  by  the  number  of 
purchasers  who  pass  a  given  point." 

W.  G.  COOPER 

Secretary  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 

Atlanta,  Ga. 


27 


n 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


Portland,  Oregon,  has  more  than  eight 
hundred  ornamental  lamp-posts  bearing 
high  efficiency  incandescent  lamps.  This 
view  shows  the  lighting  of  Alder  Street, 
which  for  years  was  a  dark  and  gloomy 
thoroughfare  by  day  as  well  as  night. 
Since  the  cluster  posts  were  installed  it 
has  become  a  popular  and  thriving  street. 
Portland's  system  dates  practically  from 
July,  1910.  Several  different  styles  of 
posts  are  used  throughout  the  city.  The 
most  popular  are  those  with  five  lights. 
According  to  Charles  K.  Henry,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Portland  Realty  Board, 
"Realty  values  in  the  down-town  dis- 
trict have  increased  twenty-five  per  cent, 
as  a  result  of  the  light  furnished  for 
illumination  upon  these  avenues." 


28 


COMBINING  UPRIGHT  AND  PENDENT  LIGHTS 


the  closer  should  the  posts  be.  If  luminous  arcs  are  the 
chief  elements  in  the  ornamental  system,  the  posts  are 
staggered  and  separated  from  eighty  to  ninety  feet  on 
a  side.  It  is  preferable,  however,  to  arrange  the  posts 
parallel  rather  than  to  stagger  them,  because,  in  a 
truly  ornamental  system,  the  appearance  of  the  instal- 
lation is  much  improved. 

Generally  a  post  is  twelve  to  fourteen  feet  high  to 
the  center  of  the  pendent  lamps.  The  standards 
should  be  placed  just  inside  the  curb  line.  On  the 
corners  it  is  best  to  place  the  units  opposite  the  build- 
ing line,  thus  making  eight  units,  one  at  each 
intersection. 

Globes  and  Reflectors 

In  some  installations  all  the  lights  are  A  *»ngie  up- 

right    lamp 

upright.      More   frequently   there   is   but  with  from  two 


one  upright  lamp  fitted  with  a  sixteen-inch 
glass  ball  and  two  or  four  pendent  lamps  best  results- 
encased  in  twelve-inch  glass  balls  —  more  frequently, 
because  the  single  upright  lamp  illuminates  the  front 
of  a  building  and  the  pendent  lamps  throw  the  major 
part  of  the  light  down  upon  the  street.  With  either 
pendent  or  upright  installations,  opal  shades,  fitted 
with  inside  prismatic  reflectors,  may  be  used  instead 
of  the  globes.  The  upright  glass  ball  should  enclose  a 
hundred-  watt  lamp.  The  lamps  within  the  pendent 
glass  balls  should  be  at  least  sixty  watts.  While  the 
filament  of  a  lamp  must  not  be  visible  through  the 
balls,  yet  the  absorption  must  be  less  than  twenty  per 
cent,  of  the  light.  With  single-light  units,  such  as 
"Mazda"  or  tungsten  lamps  in  the  residence  sections,  the 
light  ordinarily  radiated  upward  must  be  directed 

"  Kalispell   is   receiving   a   good    deal   of  valuable 
advertising  from  the  effect  that  it  produces  upon 
visitors  who  come  to  our  small  but   beautiful 
young  town." 

P.  N.  BERNARD 

Secretary,  Kalispell  Chamber  of  Commerce 

Kalispell,  Mont. 


1 


29 


]11 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


The  wonderfully  effective  park  installa- 
tion of  Puebla,  Mexico.  To  illuminate 
a  park,  the  lights  must  be  placed  with 
the  good  judgment  of  a  skillful  landscape 
gardener.  The  topography  of  the  park 
must  be  considered.  Glare  of  course, 
must  be  avoided  to  make  the  roads  and 
paths  safe  at  night,  which  means  that  a 
few  high  candle-powers  placed  far  apart 
and  low  would  be  dangerously  inappro- 
priate. 


30 


T§gr 


down  on  the  street.  For  that  purpose  reflectors  are 
advocated.  There  are  a  number  of  excellent  types  of 
both  glass  and  metal  reflectors. 

Very  effective  and  ornamental  conver-   A  new  use  for 

i  ,  i     .  i       .    .    ..        old    gas    lan- 

sions  have  been  made  irom  gas  to  electricity  terns, 
in  residential  sections  by  retaining  the  old  gas-lanterns, 
but  modifying  them.  The  best  examples  for  such 
conversions  are  to  be  found  in  Germany;  but  our  own 
communities  are  not  behindhand.  In  the  suburbs  of 
Boston,  for  example,  gas-lanterns  have  given  place  to 
ornamental  electric  lanterns  mounted  on  the  old  iron 
posts.  In  a  court  along  the  Charles  River  embank- 
ment, such  fixtures  are  used  with  pleasing  effect. 

Accessory  Apparatus 

The  system  of  distribution  used  materi-  The  kind    of 

distribution    . 

ally  affects  the  cost  of  installation.  Usually  affects  the  cost 

,  .   .    .  .11  of  the  installa- 

the  multiple  system  is  the  cheaper  to  tion. 
install.  In  the  first  place  the  cost  of  lamps  is  less;  in 
the  second  place,  series-sockets  with  film-cutouts  are 
more  expensive  than  the  socket  which  is  designed  for 
multiple  lamps.  The  cost  of  wire,  cable  and  labor  is 
practically  the  same.  But  where  the  series  system  is 
installed  the  necessity  of  providing  some  means  of 
current  regulation  is  required;  and  that  is  expensive. 
If  constant-current  transformers,  regulators  and  similar 
forms  of  regulating  apparatus  are  already  installed 
and  their  capacity  is  large  enough  to  take  care  of  the 
increased  load,  which  results  from  the  installation  of  an 
ornamental  system,  the  expense  of  providing  regulation 
does  not  apply.  In  the  multiple  system  the  lamps  must 
be  extinguished  either  singly  or  in  groups  with  regard 

"Merchants  in  other  parts  of  the  city  have  been  so 
impressed  with  the  virtue  of  the  system  that  we 
have  been  able  to  secure  contracts  for  its  exten- 
sion so  as  to  cover  our  entire  business  district." 
E.  E.  EG  AN 
Secretary  and  Treasurer 
The  Commercial  Exchange 
Burlington,  Iowa 


T 


CK:: 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


One  of  the  earliest  forms  of  ornamental 
street-lighting  was  of  a  spectacular  char- 
acter for  special  occasions.  The  picture 
shows  an  example  at  Spokane,  Washing- 
ton (Riverside  Avenue).  Business  men 
of  that  city  say  it  has  produced  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  dollars  in  trade.  Spec- 
tacular lighting  for  festivals  and  celebra- 
tions can  be  combined  with  curb  post 
lighting  with  splendid  effect. 


32 


WHEN  A  LAMP  BURNS  OUT  OR  BREAKS 


to  the  posts;    in  the  series  system  they  may  be  con- 
trolled as  a  unit  from  a  distant  point. 

When  series  incandescent  lamps  were  first  intro- 
duced they  were  usually  placed  upon  the  circuit  with 
the  arc-lamp,  and  they  received  the  current  directly 
from  the  generators.  Later  the  "bankboard"  method 
of  regulation  and  the  dimmer  reactance-coil  were  both 
used.  Later  still,  the  shunt-box  was  introduced,  to  be 
superseded  by  the  constant-current  reactance-coil. 
Finally  the  constant-current  transformer,  which  is  in 
extensive  use  at  the  present  time,  was  placed  on 
the  market. 

A  great  number  of  transformers  are  constant-cur- 
manufactured.  They  vary  in  design,  but 


accomplish  the  like  result  of  compensating  compensate 

.     ^  i  i  for    increased 

for  increased  voltage  when  a  lamp  burns  voltage  when 
out  or  breaks  on  the  circuit.  A  number  out^^re'a'ks? 
of  constant-current  regulators  are  also  manufactured, 
which,  used  in  connection  with  a  constant-potential 
transformer,  answer  the  same  purpose.  With  these 
systems  various  compensating  resistance  and  reactance- 
coil  arrangements  are  combined,  which  tend  to  keep 
the  proper  voltage  impressed  across  the  terminals  of 
the  lamps.  All  of  these  systems  regulate  well  to  nearly 
short  circuit,  so  that  any  number  of  lamps  upon  the 
circuit  may  be  out  without  disastrous  effects  to  those 
remaining. 

In  order  that  the  entire  circuit  may  not  be  broken 
when  a  lamp  burns  out  some  device  is  required  to 
establish  the  circuit  around  the  break.  "The  film- 
cutout"  is  the  most  common  device  of  that  kind.  This 
consists  of  a  very  thin  piece  of  mica  or  other  insulating 

"The    down-town    streets,    where    the    lights    have 
been  installed,  seem  to  have  taken  on  new  life, 
and  no  doubt,  with  the  opening  of  spring  and 
the  extension  of  the  system  in  Joliet,  the  present 
satisfactory  results  will  be  greatly  enhanced." 
W.O.HODGDON 
Industrial  Agent 

Industrial  and  Publicity  Committee 
Joliet,  III. 


33 


m: 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


South  Salina  Street,  Syracuse,  New  York, 
is  a  typical  American  business  street 
equipped  with  five-light  curb  standards. 
Dozens  of  pictures  could  be  shown  but 
none  more  representative  of  this  particu- 
lar form  of  ornamental  street-lighting  as 
at  present  developed  in  America.  The 
equipment  of  the  posts  of  the  Syracuse 
installation  here  shown  consists  of  forty- 
watt  high-efficiency  incandescent  lamps, 
fitted  with  four  twelve-inch  opal  balls 
and  one  sixteen-inch  opal  ball.  The 
lamps  burn  from  dusk  to  midnight.  To 
cover  the  cost  of  installation  and  main- 
tenance, the  merchants  are  assessed 
monthly  according  to  the  foot  frontage. 


34 


THE  FILM  CUT-OUT 


material,  so  placed  in  the  series-socket  that  the  ordinary 
lamp  voltage  is  applied  across  the  film.  Because  a 
much  higher  voltage  is  required  to  break  down  this 
film  than  that  impressed  across  the  lamp,  the  film  does 
not  puncture  until  the  burn-out  occurs.  Hence  the 
total  voltage  of  the  circuit  is  impressed  across  the 
insulating  material,  so  that  it  breaks  down  and  closes 
the  circuit. 

Another  form  of  automatic  cut-out  shunts  a  high- 
resistance  coil  of  such  value  around  the  lamp  that 
about  0.01  of  an  ampere  flows  when  the  lamp  is  burning. 
When  the  lamp  fails,  the  total  current  is  sent  to  this 
coil,  which,  in  turn,  exerts  a  pull  on  an  armature,  closing 
the  circuit,  through  a  compensating  resistance  equiva- 
lent to  that  of  a  lamp.  With  such  a  cut-out  the  line 
may  be  fed  from  a  constant-potential  transformer. 


"It    has    been    enthusiastically    accepted    by    our 
people   and   has   become   very   popular.      It   has 
even    been    suggested    that    some    of   our    most 
beautiful  residence  avenues  install  this  system 
of  lighting.    I  do  not  believe  that  our  people 
could  be  induced  to  go  back  to  the  old 
system  of  lighting." 

P.    N.  BERNARD 

Secretary  Chamber  of  Commerce 

Kalispell,  Mont. 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


New  Haven  has  a  remarkably  successful 
system  of  magnetite  arc  lamps  on  orna- 
mental single-light  posts.  The  system  is 
a  staggered  one,  the  seventy-eight  lamps 
being  spaced  eighty-seven  feet  apart  on 
a  side.  The  lamps  give  a  wonderfully 
uniform  illumination.  They  are  of  the 
six  and  six-tenths-ampere  type;  the  posts 
are  eleven  feet  and  five  inches  in  height. 


36 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


AFTER        WORD 

Ornamental  street-lighting  is  not  an 
experiment.  Three  hundred  cities  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada  have 
tried  it  and  approved  it;  three  hun- 
dred cities  whose  inhabitants  have 
worked  together  whole-heartedly  in 
the  effort  to  make  their  streets  more 
attractive;  three  hundred  cities  that 
have  found  that  every  dollar  invested 
in  an  ornamental  lighting  system  for 
business  sections,  residential  districts, 
and  parks  is  not  only  returned  mani- 
fold in  higher  real  estate  values  and  in 
greater  prosperity,  but  returned  in 
prestige,  in  heightened  civic  pride,  and 
in  better  citizenship.  In  the  following 
pages  you  will  find  a  list  of  these 
cities.  Is  your  city  among  them? 


37 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


"Ml 


Dayton,  Ohio,  has  thirteen  thousand 
five-hundred  feet  of  ornamental  street- 
lighting.  For  this  service  the  local  light- 
ing company  supplies  power  to  three 
hundred  and  five  five-light  standards. 
The  top  light  burns  all  night;  the 
other  lights  from  dusk  to  midnight. 
One  post  is  located  at  a  point  on  the  curb 
line,  opposite  the  building  line,  thus 
making  eight  standards  at  each  crossing. 
Four  intermediate  posts  are  then  placed 
on  each  side  of  the  street,  so  that  the 
distance  between  standards  is  approxi- 
mately eighty  feet. 


ENTERPRISING  COMMUNITIES 


LI 


These  Cities  Have  Ornamental 
Street-lighting  Installations 


Aberdeen,  South  Dakota. 
Ackley,  Iowa. 
Adel,  Iowa. 
Akron,  Ohio. 
Albert  Lea,  Minnesota. 
Albia,  Iowa. 
Alexandria,  Louisiana. 
Algona,  Iowa. 
Alhambra,  California. 
Alton,  Illinois. 
Altoona,  Pennsylvania. 
Ames,  Iowa. 
Anniston,  Alabama. 
Ashland,  Oregon. 
Atlanta,  Georgia. 
Atlantic  City,  New  Jersey. 
Auburn,  New  York. 
Aurora,  Illinois. 

Baltimore,  Maryland. 
Battle  Creek,  Michigan. 
Beloit,  Wisconsin. 
Belvidere,  Illinois. 
Billings,  Montana. 
Binghamton,  New  York. 
Bloomington,  Indiana. 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 
Boone,  Iowa. 

Bowling  Green,  Kentucky. 
Brooklyn,  New  York. 
Buchanan,  Michigan. 
Bridgeton,  New  Jersey. 
Buffalo,  New  York. 

Canton,  Ohio. 
Carroll,  Iowa. 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa. 
Central  City,  Iowa. 
Champaign,  Illinois. 
Charles  City,  Iowa. 
Charlottetown,  Prince 
Edward  Island,  Canada. 


Chariton,  Iowa. 
Cheyenne,  Wyoming. 
Chicago,  Illinois. 
Clarinda,  Iowa. 
Clarion,  Iowa. 
Clear  Lake,  Iowa. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Clinton,  Iowa. 
Columbus,  Georgia. 
Columbus,  Ohio. 
Coon  Rapids,  Iowa. 
Creston,  Iowa. 

Dallas,  Texas. 
Danville,  Illinois. 
Davenport,  Iowa. 
Dayton,  Ohio. 
Decatur,  Illinois. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
Duluth,  Minn. 

Eagle  Grove,  Iowa. 
East  Liverpool,  Ohio. 
Edgar,  Nebraska. 
Ellsworth,  Iowa. 
Elmira,  New  York. 
Enid,  Oklahoma. 
Estherville,  Iowa. 
Eugene,  Oregon. 
Evansville,  Indiana. 

Faribault,  Minnesota. 

Fargo,  North  Dakota. 

Forest  City,  Iowa. 

Fort  Arthur,  Ontario,  Canada. 

Fort  Atkinson,  Wisconsin. 

Fort  Dodge,  Iowa. 

Fort  Morgan,  Colorado. 

Fort  Smith,  Arkansas. 

Fort  Wayne,  Indiana. 

Fort  William,  Ontario,  Canada. 

Fort  Worth,  Texas. 


39 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING  '  ' 


The  lighting  of  a  business  section  must 
be  governed  by  business  considerations. 
It  must  be  brilliant,  so  that  people  will 
be  attracted  to  the  business  streets;  yet 
it  must  be  uniform  to  give  the  best  results. 
The  equipment  must  be  decorative  by 
day,  so  as  not  to  mar  a  fine  street. 
Properly  placed,  electric  signs  such  as 
that  seen  on  the  roof  in  the  background, 
draw  people  to  a  street.  But  they 
neither  illuminate  the  street  itself  nor 
induce  people  to  pass  directly  by  the 
particular  stores  over  which  they  are 
mounted.  Their  function  is  to  advertise 
and  not  to  illuminate. 


>|;  ' . '  '  '  '. '.  CITIES  WITH  ORNAMENTAL  LIGHTING 


Frederick,  Maryland. 
Fremont,  Nebraska. 

Galesburg,  Illinois. 

Galveston,  Texas. 

Gary,  Indiana. 

Geneva,  Nebraska. 

Glen  wood,  Iowa. 

Grand  Forks,  North  Dakota. 

Grand  Rapids,  Michigan. 

Grant's  Pass,  Oregon. 

Great  Falls,  Montana. 

Green  Bay,  Wisconsin. 

Green  Field,  Iowa. 

Grinnell,  Iowa. 

Grosse  Pointe  Farms,  Michigan. 

Hamilton,  Ohio. 
Hamilton,  Ontario,  Canada. 
Hankinson,  North  Dakota. 
Hannibal,  Missouri. 
Harlan,  Iowa. 
Hartford,  Connecticut. 
Hillsboro,  Texas. 
Holland,  Michigan. 
Hoopeston,  Illinois. 
Houston,  Texas. 

Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
Indianola,  Iowa. 
Independence,  Iowa. 
Independence,  Kansas. 
Iowa  City,  Iowa. 
Iowa  Falls,  Iowa. 

Jacksonville,  Florida. 
Jacksonville,  Illinois. 
Jamestown,  New  York. 
Jamestown,  North  Dakota. 
Jefferson,  Iowa. 
Jewell  Junction,  Iowa. 
Joliet,  Illinois. 

Kalamazoo,  Michigan. 
Kalispell,  Montana. 
Kankakee,  Illinois. 


Kansas  City,  Missouri. 
Knoxville,  Tennessee. 
Kokomo,  Indiana. 

La  Crosse,  Wisconsin. 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania. 
Lansing,  Michigan. 
Laramie,  Wyoming. 
Leavenworth,  Kansas. 
Lenox,  Iowa. 
Lincoln,  Nebraska. 
Long  View,  Texas. 
Los  Angeles,  California. 
Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Macon,  Georgia. 
Manchester,  Iowa. 
Manila,  Philippine  Islands. 
Marion,  Iowa. 
Marshall,  Michigan. 
Marshalltown,  Iowa. 
Mason  City,  Iowa. 
McKeesport,  Pennsylvania. 
Medford,  Oregon. 
Miles  City,  Montana. 
Milwaukee,  Wisconsin. 
Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 
Mishawaka,  Indiana. 
Mobile,  Alabama. 
Montgomery,  Alabama. 
Monticello,  Iowa. 
Moorehead,  Minnesota. 
Morristown,  New  York. 
Mount  Clemens,  Michigan. 

Nashville,  Tennessee. 
Nashwauk,  Minnesota. 
Nevada,  Iowa. 
Newark,  New  Jersey. 
Newark,  Ohio. 
New  Britain,  Connecticut. 
New  Hampton,  Iowa. 
New  Philadelphia,  Ohio. 
New  Sharon,  Iowa. 
New  Ulm,  Minnesota. 
New  York,  New  York. 


41 


m. 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


1 — A  beautiful  single-lamp  standard 
which  has  been  used  with  remarkable 
success  in  the  city  of  New  Haven, 
Connecticut.  The  light  is  a  mag- 
netite arc,  which  burns  with  a  fine 
steady  flame  and  gives  uniform 
illumination 

2 — A  two-lamp  standard  of  simple  and 
graceful  design,  used  in  Euclid  Ave- 
nue, Cleveland,  Ohio.  Thanks  to 
these  lights,  property  along  Euclid 
Avenue  has  increased  remarkably  in 
value.  On  page  seven  of  this  book 
will  be  found  the  story  of  that  increase. 

3 — Six  lamps  on  a  tall,  slender  post. 

4 — An  old  gas-post  can  be  equipped  with 
tungsten  or  Mazda  lamps.  This 
shows  the  pleasing  effect  of  the  trans- 
formation to  be  found  in  a  court  along 
the  Charles  River  embankment, 
Boston. 


COMMUNITIES  THAT  HAVE  CIVIC  PRIDE 


Niagara  Falls,  New  York. 

Niles,  Michigan. 

North  Yakima,  Washington. 

Oakland,  California. 
Ogden,  Utah. 

Oklahoma  City,  Oklahoma. 
Omaha,  Nebraska. 
Osage  City,  Kansas. 
Oskaloosa,  Iowa. 
Ottawa,  Ontario,  Canada. 

Parkersburgh,  West  Virginia. 
Pasadena,  California. 
Pasco,  Washington. 
Paulina,  Iowa. 
Pella,  Iowa. 
Pensacola,  Florida. 
Peoria,  Illinois. 
Perry,  Iowa. 
Peru,  Illinois. 
Phrenix,  Arizona. 
Pine  Bluff,  Arkansas. 
Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania. 
Portland,  Maine. 
Portland,  Oregon. 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire. 
Poughkeepsie,  New  York. 
Pueblo,  Colorado. 

Racine,  Wisconsin. 
Raleigh,  North  Carolina. 
Redlands,  California. 
Red  Oak,  Iowa. 

Regina,  Saskatchewan,  Canada. 
Richmond,  Indiana. 
Richmond,  Virginia. 
Rochelle,  Illinois. 
Rochester,  New  York. 
Rochester,  Minnesota. 
Rockford,  Illinois. 
Roseland,  Illinois. 
Roseburg,  Oregon. 

Sac  City,  Iowa. 

St.  Catherines,  Ontario,  Canada. 


St.  Paul,  Minnesota. 
Salem,  Ohio. 
Salem,  Oregon. 
San  Antonio,  Texas. 
San  Diego,  California. 
Sandusky,  Ohio. 
San  Francisco,  California. 
Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Michigan. 
Savannah,  Georgia. 
Scranton,  Pennsylvania. 
Seattle,  Washington. 
Seneca  Falls,  New  York. 
Seymour,  Iowa. 
Shawnee,  Oklahoma. 
Sherman,  Texas. 
Shreveport,  Louisiana. 
Sigourney,  Iowa. 
Sioux  City,  Iowa. 
South  Bend,  Indiana. 
Spencer,  Iowa. 
Steubenville,  Ohio. 
Spirit  Lake,  Iowa. 
Spokane,  Washington. 
Springfield,  Missouri. 
Springfield,  Illinois. 
Stony  City,  Iowa. 
Superior,  Wisconsin. 
Syracuse,  New  York. 

Tampa,  Florida. 
Terre  Haute,  Indiana. 
Texarkana,  Arkansas. 
Tipton,  Iowa. 
Toledo,  Iowa. 
Topeka,  Kansas. 
Toronto,  Ontario,  Canada. 
Tulsa,  Oklahoma. 

Urbana,  Illinois. 

Vancouver,  British  Columbia, 

Canada. 
Victoria,  British  Columbia, 

Canada. 
Vinton,  Iowa. 
Virginia,  Minnesota. 


ORNAMENTAL  STREET-LIGHTING 


1 — A  type  of  five-light  post  which  has 
been  widely  used  for  the  ornamental 
lighting  of  many  communities. 

2 — The  advance  in  ornamental  street- 
lighting  for  non-business  thorough- 
fares developed  by  the  District  of 
Columbia  (the  central  station  co- 
operating) is  admirable.  This  post 
has  a  single  light,  a  transparent  street 
sign,  and  a  fire-alarm  box.  Other 
posts  have  police-alarm  boxes. 

3 — Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  has  one  and  a 
quarter  miles  of  street  lighted  by 
such  combined  standards  and  trolley 
poles.  This  style  of  installation  is 
sometimes  desirable  in  narrow  streets 
and  where  the  initial  cost  is  otherwise 
prohibitive. 

4 — The  city  of  Washington  has  devel- 
oped a  commendable  system  of  orna- 
mental street-lighting.  The  standards 
and  globes  harmonize  with  the  archi- 
tecture of  private  and  public  buildings. 
This  is  one  of  several  standard  designs 
used.  Note  the  name-plate  and  the 
arrow  above  it  to  indicate  the  direc- 
tion of  the  street. 


- 


44 


LIGHT  MEANS  PROSPERITY 


Waco,  Texas. 
Walla  Walla,  Washington. 
Warren,  Ohio. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Waterloo,  Ontario,  Canada. 
Watertown,  South  Dakota. 


Wausau,  Wisconsin. 
Webster  City,  Iowa. 
Wichita,  Kansas. 
Wilmington,  Delaware. 
Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  Canada. 
Winterset,  Iowa. 


Wymore,  Nebraska. 


Cities  That  Have  Decorative  Arch-lighting 
in  Their  Streets 


Appleton,  Wisconsin. 
Birmingham,  Alabama. 
Butte,  Montana. 
Canton,  Ohio. 

Charleston,  North  Carolina. 
Charlotte,  South  Carolina. 
Columbia,  South  Carolina. 
Columbus,  Ohio. 
El  Reno,  Oklahoma. 
Fond  du  Lac,  Wisconsin. 
Grand  Rapids,  Michigan. 

Wilmington, 


Green  Bay,  Wisconsin. 
Hobart,  Oklahoma. 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania. 
Macon,  Georgia. 
Marinette,  Wisconsin. 
Menominee,  Michigan. 
Mobile,  Alabama. 
San  Francisco,  California. 
South  Bend,  Indiana. 
Tacoma,  Washington. 
Wilkes-Barre,  Pennsylvania. 
North  Carolina. 


Cities  With  Decorative  Arc  Installations 


Baltimore,  Maryland. 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 
Buffalo,  New  York. 
Chicago,  Illinois. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa. 
Detroit,  Michigan. 
Louisville,  Kentucky. 
Newark,  New  Jersey. 
New  Haven,  Connecticut. 
New  York,  New  York. 


Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 
Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 
Pueblo,  Colorado. 
Reading,  Pennsylvania. 
Rochester,  New  York. 
St.  Louis,  Missouri. 
San  Francisco,  California. 
Syracuse,  New  York. 
Toledo,  Ohio. 
Washington,     District     of 
Columbia. 


45 


HIT 


WHERE  TO  BUY 


Manufacturers  of  Ornamental  Standards 

The  following  manufacturers  make  street-lighting 
apparatus  of  the  kind  that  has  been  most  successful. 
They  will  be  pleased  to  forward  catalogues  and  price- 
lists  and  to  give  free  of  charge  information  on  street- 
lighting  not  contained  in  this  book. 

Adams-Bagnall  Electric  Company Cleveland,  Ohio 

American  Concrete  Pole  Company Richmond,  Ind. 

American  Steel  and  Wire  Company Chicago,  111. 

American  Woodworking  and  Machinery  Company   .    .     Aurora,  111. 

J.  G.  Birtness  Sons  Company Davenport,  Iowa 

Butte  Engineering  and  Electric  Company  .    .    .  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

The  George  Cutter  Company South  Bend,  Ind. 

Dearborn  Foundry  Company Chicago,  111. 

Electric  Railway  and  Equipment  Company   .    .    .    Cincinnati,  Ohio 

J.  W.  Fiske  Iron  Works New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Flour  City  Ornamental  Iron  Works Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Hollow  Concrete  Pole  Company Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 

Independent  Foundry  Company Portland,  Ore. 

Joshua  Hendy  Iron  Works San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Kramer  Brothers  Foundry  Company Dayton,  Ohio 

Love  Brothers Aurora,  111. 

McDonnel  Iron  Works Des  Moines,  Iowa 

Minneapolis  Steel  Machinery  Co Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Morris  Iron  Company Frederick,  Md. 

J.  L.  Mott  Iron  Works New  York,  N.  Y. 

Ornamental  Lighting  Pole  Co New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paxton  and  Vierling  Iron  Works Omaha,  Neb. 

Pettyjohn  Company Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

Phoenix  Iron  Works Portland,  Ore. 

Smith  and  Watson  Iron  Works Portland,  Ore. 

Union  Metal  Manufacturing  Company Canton,  Ohio 

United  Iron  Works      Oakland,  Cal. 

Wallace  Machine  and  Foundry  Company  ....      Lafayette,  Ind. 
Western  Gas  Construction  Company Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

« 


ADDRESSES  WORTH  KNOWING 


Manufacturers  of  Transformers,  Regulators 
and  Compensative  Apparatus 


Adams-Bagnall  Electric  Company  .    .    .    Cleveland,   Ohio 

General  Electric  Company Schenectady,  N.  Y. 

J.  H.  Hallberg,  36  E.  23d  St New  York,  N.  Y. 

Helios  Mfg.  Co Bridesburg,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Maloney  Electric  Company St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Packard  Electric  Company Warren,  Ohio 

Pittsburg  Transformer  Company    ....     Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Western  Electric  Company Chicago,  111. 

Westinghouse  Electric  &  Mfg.  Co.      ...    Pittsburg,  Pa. 


Write  to 
these 
firms  for 
cata- 
logues 
and 

informa- 
tion. 


Glassware  for  Ornamental  Standards 

Gillinder  &  Sons Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Haskins  Glass  Company Wheeling,  W.  Va. 

Jefferson  Glass  Company Follansbee,  W.  Va. 

Macbeth-Evans  Glass  Company     ....    Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Nelite  Works  of  the  General  Electric  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Opalux  Company New  York,  N.  Y. 

Phcenix  Glass  Company New  York,  N.  Y. 


Write   to 
these 
firms  for 
cata- 
logues 
and 

informa- 
tion. 


Steel  Reflectors  for  Street-lighting 


Adams-Bagnall  Electric  Company 
Benjamin  Electric  Manufacturing  Co. 

George  Cutter  Company 

Federal  Sign  System  (Electric)    .    .    . 
General  Electric  Company  .... 
Philadelphia  Electric  Company  .    .    . 
Westinghouse  Electric  &  Mfg.  Co.      . 
Wheeler  Reflector  Company    .    ... 


.     Cleveland,  Ohio 
.    .     Chicago,  111. 
.  South  Bend,  Ind.    Write  to 

.    .    .   Chicago,  111.    firms  for 
cata- 

Schenectady,  N.  Y.        logues 

find 

.  Philadelphia,  Pa.    informa- 


Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Boston,  Mass 


tion. 


WHERE  THE  NEW  LAMPS  ARE  MADE 


Manufacturers  of  Incandescent  Electric  Lamps 


.    .    Hartford,   Conn. 
.    .    .  Harrison,  N.  J. 


Franklin  Electrical  Manufacturing  Company 
General  Electric  Company  (Lamp  Works) 
National  Electric  Lamp  Association 

Composed  of  the  following  Works  of  the  General  Electric  Com- 
pany: 

American  Electric  Lamp  Works    . 

Banner  Electric  Works   .    .    .    .    . 

Brilliant  Electric  Works 


Bryan-Marsh  Electric  Works     .    .    . 

Buckeye  Electric  Works 

Buckeye  Electric  Works,  S.  A.  .    .    . 
The  Colonial  Electric  Works      .    .    . 
Columbia  Incandescent  Lamp  Works 
Fostoria  Incandescent  Lamp  Works 
General  Incandescent  Lamp  Works 
Monarch  Incandescent  Lamp  Works 

Munder  Electric  Works  . 


Packard  Lamp  Works 

The  Peerless  Lamp  Works      .    .    .    . 

Shelby  Lamp  Works 

Standard  Electric  Works 

The  Sterling  Electric  Lamp  Works  . 

Sunbeam  Incandescent  Lamp  Works 
Westinghouse  Lamp  Company 


.  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 
.  Youngstown,  Ohio 
.  .  Cleveland,  Ohio 

(  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 
/  Chicago,  111. 

.  .  Cleveland,  Ohio 

.  .  .  Mexico,  D.  F. 

.  .  .     Warren,  Ohio 

.  .  .St.  Louis,  Mo. 

.  .  .   Fostoria,  Ohio 

.  .  Cleveland,  Ohio 

.  .  .    .  Chicago,  111. 

j  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 
|  Chicago,  111. 

.  .  .  Warren,  Ohio 

.  .  .  Warren,  Ohio 

.  .  .  Shelby,  Ohio 

.  .  .  Warren,  Ohio 

.  .  .  Warren,  Ohio 

(  New  York,  N.  Y. 
}  Chicago,  111. 

.  Bloomfield,  N.  J. 


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